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(1)the endeavor of a Moslem scholar to derive a rule of divine law from the Koran and Hadith without relying on the views of other scholars; by the end of the 10th century theologians decided that debate on such matters would be closed and Muslim theology and law were frozen; "some reform-minded Islamic scholars believe that reopening ijtihad is a prerequisite for the survival of Islam"

(2)イスラム教徒学者が神の法の規則にコーランとハディースに他の学者の視点を当てにせずに由来している努力

(3)10世紀の終わりまでには、神学者は、そのような件に関する討論が閉じられて、イスラム教の神学と法が凍っていると決めました

(1)